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Albert Einstein (pron.: /ˈælbərt ˈaɪnstaɪn/; German:
[ˈalbɐt ˈaɪnʃtaɪn] ( listen); 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born
theoretical physicist who developed the general theory of relativity, one of
the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics).While best
known for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2 (which has been dubbed
"the world's most famous equation"),he received the 1921 Nobel Prize
in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for
his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect".The latter was
pivotal in establishing quantum theory.
Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought
that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of
classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led to the
development of his special theory of relativity. He realized, however, that the
principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational fields, and
with his subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916, he published a paper on the
general theory of relativity. He continued to deal with problems of statistical
mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory
and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of
light which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917,
Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to model the structure of the
universe as a whole.
He was visiting the United States when Adolf Hitler
came to power in 1933, and did not go back to Germany, where he had been a
professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He settled in the U.S., becoming a
citizen in 1940. On
the eve of World War II, he helped alert President Franklin D. Roosevelt that
Germany might be developing an atomic weapon, and recommended that the U.S.
begin similar research; this eventually led to what would become the Manhattan
Project. Einstein was in support of defending the Allied forces, but largely
denounced using the new discovery of nuclear fission as a weapon. Later, with
the British philosopher Bertrand Russell, Einstein signed the Russell–Einstein
Manifesto, which highlighted the danger of nuclear weapons. Einstein was
affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey,
until his death in 1955.
Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers
along with over 150 non-scientific works. His great intellectual achievements
and originality have made the word "Einstein" synonymous with genius.